Dec. 10, 2012 ? Vertebrates' transition to living on land, instead of only in water, represented a major event in the history of life. Now, researchers reporting in the December issue of the Cell Press journal Developmental Cell provide new evidence that the development of hands and feet occurred through the gain of new DNA elements that activate particular genes.
"First, and foremost, this finding helps us to understand the power that the modification of gene expression has on shaping our bodies," says Dr. Jos? Luis G?mez-Skarmeta of the CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andaluc?a, in Seville, Spain. "Second, many genetic diseases are associated with a 'misshaping' of our organs during development. In the case of genes involved in limb formation, their abnormal function is associated with diseases such as synpolydactyly and hand-foot-genital syndrome."
In order to understand how fins may have evolved into limbs, researchers led by Dr. G?mez-Skarmeta and his colleague Dr. Fernando Casares at the same institute introduced extra Hoxd13, a gene known to play a role in distinguishing body parts, at the tip of a zebrafish embryo's fin. Surprisingly, this led to the generation of new cartilage tissue and the reduction of fin tissue -- changes that strikingly recapitulate key aspects of land-animal limb development. The researchers wondered whether novel Hoxd13 control elements may have increased Hoxd13 gene expression in the past to cause similar effects during limb evolution. They turned to a DNA control element that is known to regulate the activation of Hoxd13 in mouse embryonic limbs and that is absent in fish.
"We found that in the zebrafish, the mouse Hoxd13 control element was capable of driving gene expression in the distal fin rudiment. This result indicates that molecular machinery capable of activating this control element was also present in the last common ancestor of finned and legged animals and is proven by its remnants in zebrafish," says Dr. Casares.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Cell Press, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
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Journal Reference:
Renata Freitas, Carlos G?mez-Mar?n, Jonathan?Mark Wilson, Fernando Casares, Jos??Luis G?mez-Skarmeta. Hoxd13 Contribution to the Evolution of Vertebrate Appendages. Developmental Cell, 2012; 23 (6): 1219 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.10.015
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
They will fight a bloody war to gain peace through toying with emotions and manipulating each other for their own gain. Along the way, they will fall in love, get their hearts broken... but like they say, all is fair in love and war.
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The 3.8% tax on real estate sales as put forth in the Affordable Health Care Act goes in to effect January 1, 2013. Tampa CPA and Attorney Cynthia Petitjean talks about the tax and its implications.
Cynthia Petitjean, ESQ, CPA sits down with us on the Market Minute to discuss how the new tax on capital gains will effect real estate.
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Eric: Welcome to another Market Minute. ?My name is Eric Odum, Principal Real Estate Broker for ROI Commercial Property Brokerage in Tampa, Florida. ?Today, we?re going to talk about the rumor of a 3.8% tax to be placed on real estate through the healthcare law recently passed under the Obama administration. We are going to clear this rumor up. We have with us Cynthia Petitjean. Cindy is a CPA and member of the Florida BAR since 1992> ?Her areas of practice are estate & tax planning, tax compliance, tax controversy representation at the state and national levels, and probate administration.
Eric: Cindy, thanks so much for joining me today.
Cindy: Thanks for having me.
Eric: This is a pretty controversial tax in the real estate world. ?There has been a lot of rumor and innuendo on how this tax will be applied. Where did this tax come from?
Cindy: On March 23, 2012 Congress and President Obama passed ?The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act?. A portion of that act implemented a code section which assessed a 3.8% tax on certain high income tax payers effective January 1, 2013.
Eric: Who exactly are those high income earners?
Cindy: Beginning on January 1, 2013 this code section comes into effect. A high income tax payer is defined under this new law as a couple filing a joint return that is earning over $250,000, which I believe is just the gross income (the line on the bottom of the first page of your tax return). ?For married filing separately couples that threshold is $125,000. For all others head of household or single tax payers, its income above $200,000. ?This tax is not only assessed on real estate but wages and self-employment income.
Eric: Is there a number attached to the sale of the property; does it have to be a particular capital gain?
Cindy: There is a complex formula, but for the most part the 3.8% tax is going to be assessed on what is termed ?Net Investment Income?. ?Net investment income is traditionally dividends, rents, interest, capital gains which you just asked about, royalties and passive activity income.
Eric: I know this is complex, if someone wants to discuss their specific needs how can they reach you?
Cindy: I can be reached at 813-659-2020.If you prefer to email your questions I can be reached at cmp@cmp-law.com.
Eric:?This subject originally got people stirred up because there was a viral email that was being passed around that would not die. ?It said everyone is going to get taxed on the sale of their property. Now, that?s not really true. ?It is on capital gains?not the net sale amount, as the email stated. ?It really?doesn?t?seem to be affecting a large number of people or is it?
Cindy: That is a misconception of once you sell a property you will be taxed on the gain of the property. First off, there is the potential gain that an individual or a joint filling couple might recognize upon the sale of their principle residence. Briefly you can exempt up to a half million dollars of gain if you are filing a married filing jointly return or up to $250,000 of gain if you are a single tax payer on the sale of your principle residence. Let me make the point that gain is not total proceeds.
So for example, let?s say you sale your house for $350,000 you may not have a taxable gain there if your basis which is what you brought it for and what improvement you placed into it is greater than $100,000. As a single person, $100,000 base minus $350,000 gross proceeds from the sale (what you received from the buyers) equates to a $250,000 gain. Under current law that gain is excluded from income for a single tax payer, that gain will also be excluded from the 3.8% tax.
For the most part, if you are under the threshold of excluding a gain from a principle residence, you will be excluded from this tax. Also. the gain on the sale of non principle residence property ( i.e. property used in a trade or business) that?s sold and there?s a gain and the property is used in your trade or business that gain will also be exempt, because that gain is treated as trade or business income which is not subject to the tax.
Eric: What I focus is on commercial real estate, but talked has centered on residential property. I haven?t seen a lot of information in regards to commercial real estate, so I?m glad you touched on that. Let?s talk about the rules for commercial real estate and the $250,000 exclusion, as it pertains to the business side.
Cindy: Property that is used in a trade or business? if the property is sold and a gain is recognized because it?s in the bucket of a trade or business income is not considered under the 3.8% law as net investment income. That property is not going to be taxable if sold by a person in a trade or business. Let me make a point here that this tax is on the individual. ?If you?re a C corporation and you sell property that?s been held as an investment, this 3.8% tax doesn?t apply. This is what I call flow entities ? partnerships and S corporations ? it doesn?t matter what the entity, either a corporation or an LLC it?s tax classification of partnership or S corp and the implications that occur in those entities flow through to the individual. The character of the income that is recognized by the entity flows through to the individual and that is where you apply the rules of what is net investment income vs. active trader business income.
For example: S Corporation sells a piece of equipment and a gain is recognized on it. That piece of equipment, if used in the act of trade or business, is going to reflect a gain that?s going to flow through to the shareholder that is going to be active trader business income? and not going to be subject to the 3.8% tax. On the other hand, that S Corporation was holding a share of?publicly?traded stock for investment purposes and it was sold for a gain. That gain will be treated as capital gain that flows through to the individual shareholder and applying the other thresholds of high income taxpayer and other complex formulas may be taxed at the 3.8% rate.
Eric: Let?s talk about the reality of the situation. ?We?ve taken a beating in real estate. ?The values of real estate have been turned back a decade. Folks are going to probably have held this piece of real estate for a long period of time to actually have experienced the capital gains, plus the $250,000 or higher income to be subject. Is that correct?
Cindy: That?s correct. Let me also point out that this is not only on capital gains. ?This is on dividends and interest. Even as important, a capital gain that might be impacted by the 3.8% tax is rent. Rental real estate according to the internal revenue code is passive unless you?re a real estate professional and can treat those rentals as an active trader business? it?s passive. The new law requires passive income to be subject to this net investment tax. There is some confusion about whether this tax is going to apply to rent that a person materially participates. I?m getting into complex passive activity participation rules.
Eric: Yes, that seems like some individual rules. ?They can chat to you personally about this.
Cindy: There is some area of clarity in the law that we?re expecting regulations to come out, but it could potentially be a point of planning.
Eric: Let?s talk about a high income doctor who has had real estate for a long period of time. Seems like professionals will be the most affected by this tax. ?I?ve has this case within the last month. A doctor who has had his building and practice for thirty years or more thinking about how to get out. ?He?s at that retirement age, making $280,000 a year and has substantial gains on that building. He paid $100,000 for it back in 1984 and now it?s worth five times that. Sounds like this type of individual is going to be subject to this tax all away around, doesn?t it?
Cindy: Potentially. ?It depends on how the real estate is owned, whether is owned in the entity that he?s selling and actively used in the trade or business. I?m assuming that this is his office, the gain in the real estate portion of it may be subject to the 3.8% tax?..but remember this is only above certain tax payers that have a threshold. Hypothetically, if the doctor retires his income is going to drop, ?so there?s planning opportunities to look into an installment sale of that equipment or property used in the business to keep the gain low where he?doesn?t?hit the threshold. ?If he did sell the stock of the company that may be subject to the 3.8%tax, depending on the format of the entity he?s selling the stock in. Yes, it could impact the doctor, but there are certainly planning opportunities to be looked at to make the tax implications minimal as possible to this doctor on this exit strategy.
Eric: That?s a great idea, Cindy. I never thought about an installment sale. What you?re essentially saying is to pull that income stream on the sale over a number of years, where you?re actually going to be allocating only a portion of what he gets paid on this practice in the years that he?s going to be earning less than $250,000?..pushing him out of being subject to the tax. Is that correct?
Cindy: Potentially, yes. ?Once again, it depends on what the character of the income on the sale was. Hypothetically, it would be ordinary income upon the sale of the assets. You do endure the credit risks of collecting your sales price over a period of years, hoping you have a solvent buyer balancing the credit risk with the tax implications.
Eric: That sums it up from the commercial aspect. I really appreciate your time and input on this Cindy. Once again, please give folks your telephone number in case they want to chat with you for future planning.
Cindy: I can be reached at 813-659-2020 or if you prefer to email your questions I can be reached at cmp@cmp-law.com
Eric:? Great! Cindy thanks you so much for joining us. I?m Eric Odum, Principle Real Estate Broker for ROI Commercial Property Brokerage in Tampa, Florida and thank you for listening.
Cindy: Thank you Eric.
I?m going to include a link to our web page which is?www.FloridaTripleNet.com.
Join us next time for The Market Minute.
ROI Commercial Property, Inc. (ROI) is a licensed Florida Real Estate Corporation. While ROI endeavor to ensure that its content is accurate and correct, it makes no express or implied warranty, representation or understanding to its accuracy, reliability or completeness. This interview has been produced by ROI and is intended for informational purposed only. The opinions expressed by guest are the opinions of the guest and may not reflect the opinions of ROI or ROI employees or staff.
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WASHINGTON (AP) ? HSBC, the British banking giant, will pay $1.9 billion to settle a money-laundering probe by federal and state authorities in the United States, a law enforcement official said Monday.
The probe of the bank ? Europe's largest by market value ? has focused on the transfer of billions of dollars on behalf of nations like Iran, which are under international sanctions, and the transfer of money through the U.S. financial system from Mexican drug cartels.
According to the official, HSBC will pay $1.25 billion in forfeiture and pay $655 million in civil penalties. The $1.25 billion figure is the largest forfeiture ever in a case involving a bank. Under what is known as a deferred prosecution agreement, the financial institution will be accused of violating the Bank Secrecy Act and the Trading With the Enemy Act.
The official spoke on condition of anonymity because the source was not authorized to speak about the matter on the record.
Under the deferred prosecution arrangement, HSBC will admit to certain misconduct, the official said, but the details of those admissions to be made in a New York court were not immediately available late Monday. Nevertheless the deferred prosecution agreement means the bank won't be prosecuted further if it meets certain conditions, such as strengthening its internal controls to prevent money laundering. The Justice Department has used such arrangements often in cases involving large corporations, notably in settlements of foreign bribery charges.
The law enforcement official said an announcement of the agreement could come as early as Tuesday.
The London-based bank said it is cooperating with investigations but that those discussions are confidential.
In regard to HSBC and Mexico, a U.S. Senate investigative committee reported that in 2007 and 2008 HSBC Mexico sent to the United States about $7 billion in cash. The committee report said that large an amount of cash indicated illegal drug proceeds.
Money laundering by banks has become a priority target for U.S. law enforcement.
In another case Monday, a British bank, Standard Chartered, which was accused of scheming with the Iranian government to launder billions of dollars, signed an agreement with New York regulators to settle their investigation with a $340 million payment.
Since 2009, Credit Suisse, Barclays, Lloyds and ING all paid heavy settlements related to allegations that they moved money for people or companies that were on the U.S. sanctions list.
?Credit Suisse, Switzerland's second-largest bank, agreed to pay $536 million. The authorities said the bank violated U.S. economic sanctions by hiding the booming illegal business it was doing for Iranian banks.
?Barclays paid $298 million. The big British bank allegedly engaged in $500 million in illegal transactions with banks in Cuba, Iran, Libya, Sudan and Myanmar for more than a decade.
?Lloyds, another major British bank, agreed to forfeit $350 million for allegedly helping customers skirt U.S. sanctions on business transactions with Sudan, Iran and Libya.
?Big Dutch bank ING paid $619 million to settle charges that it secretly moved billions of dollars through the U.S. financial system on behalf of Cuban and Iranian customers.
Last summer, the Senate investigation concluded that HSBC's lax controls exposed it to money laundering and terrorist financing.
HSBC bank affiliates also skirted U.S. government bans against financial transactions with Iran and other countries, according to the report from the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. And HSBC's U.S. division provided money and banking services to some banks in Saudi Arabia and Bangladesh thought to have helped fund al-Qaida and other terrorist groups, the report said.
The report also blamed U.S. regulators: It said they knew the bank had a poor system to detect problems but failed to take action.
Sen. Carl Levin, D-Mich., the committee chairman, cited instances in which HSBC had promised to fix deficiencies after being sanctioned by regulators but failed to carry through.
Levin also said the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the U.S. agency that oversees the biggest banks, tolerated HSBC's weak controls against money laundering for years and that agency examiners who had raised concerns were overruled by their superiors.
HSBC announced Monday that Robert Werner, a former head of the Treasury Department agencies responsible for sanctions against terrorist financing and money laundering, is taking a new position within HSBC as head of group financial crime compliance and group money-laundering reporting officer. Werner has been head of global standards assurance since August.
In January, HSBC hired Stuart Levey, a former Treasury undersecretary for terrorism and financial intelligence, as its chief legal officer. And a former policy adviser in the Obama administration, Preeta Bansal, in October became HSBC's global general counsel for litigation and regulatory affairs.
___
Associated Press writer Marcy Gordon contributed to this report.
President Obama's campaign to raise taxes on the wealthy is likely to veer off course in Michigan today, when he lands smack-dab in the middle of a battle over right-to-work legislation. It's a fight he has previously viewed from a distance in other, similar situations, to the disappointment of many Democrats.
Republican Gov. Rick Snyder is expected to sign a controversial right-to-work bill Tuesday. The bill, which was pushed through the Republican-controlled state legislature last week, would make the payment of union dues voluntary for private-sector unions and most public-sector unions (police and firefighters would be exempt).
Protesters have swarmed the state Capitol in Lansing arguing that Snyder's move ensures that he will be a one-term governor.
Before the president's visit, in which he is expected to weigh in on the controversy, the state's congressional delegation met with Snyder this morning to try and dissuade him from signing the bill, or at least draft legislation to delay a vote.
"The labor- management environment in this state has dramatically improved in recent years. ? Fracturing that growing unity and creating a contentious labor environment will not help companies come to Michigan, we told the governor," Sen. Carl Levin, the state's senior U.S. senator, told a news conference after the meeting.
"The governor listened and he told us that he would seriously, in his words, consider our concerns."
If the bill is passed and signed Tuesday, which is when the legislature reconvenes in the state, Michigan will become the 24th right-to-work state, and Snyder will likely face a political backlash in the state that gave birth to the U.S. labor movement.
Democrats argue that such a law should be put on the ballot, and decided by the voters instead of the state's lawmakers. The right-to-work bill is structured so that it cannot be recalled by a statewide ballot initiative, so if it's passed by the legislature and signed by the governor, voters will have no direct say in the matter.
There's no polling on the state's battle that meets ABC News' standards for publication, but recent history has indicated that such a law is unpopular in the Midwest.
An Ohio law that limited the collective-bargaining rights of union workers was repealed last year by a large margin in a statewide vote. And Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker became only the third governor in history this year to be recalled after he championed similar legislation that also limited collective-bargaining rights. Walker survived the recall effort, but it was a costly fight.
President Obama distanced himself from the recall election against Walker in June. To the frustration of Democrats in Wisconsin, and nationally, the president never went to the state to campaign for Democratic nominee Tom Barrett. He later blamed his absence on his busy schedule, saying "the truth of the matter is that as president of the United States, I've got a lot of responsibilities."
Democrats and labor leaders are optimistic that they can work out a deal with Snyder, a source told ABC News this weekend.
Last week was defined largely by two interesting stories. One had Apple bringing some manufacturing back to the U.S., and the other revolved around the outcome of the latest trial between Apple and Samsung. It shows you how hard it is to read a judge, though. I thought Judge Lucy Koh would likely raise the award from $1.05 Samsung and Apple appear to be in a dance to the death.
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WASHINGTON - Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has canceled her trip to Morocco this week for a meeting on the future of Syria's opposition because of a stomach virus, the State Department said on Monday.
Deputy Secretary of State Bill Burns will travel to the meeting in her place.
"Since she's still under the weather, we'll be staying put this week instead of heading to North Africa and the Middle East as originally planned," State Department spokesman Philippe Reines said in a statement.
"In her place, Deputy Secretary Burns will travel to Marrakech for the Friends of the Syrian People meeting. We will let you know when she shakes this bug and resumes a public schedule," he said.
Clinton had been due to join foreign ministers from allied nations in Morocco to discuss the 20-month old Syria crisis as rebels fighting to oust President Bashar al-Assad push forward on the battlefield and move to unify the political opposition.
The so-called Friends of Syria group is expected to focus on new moves to strengthen and legitimize the recently formed Syrian opposition coalition.
Clinton had planned to continue from Morocco to Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates.?
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The Nintendo Wii U is experiencing sky-high pre-orders and a massive number of grey market pre-order sales which has led analysts to predict big sales volumes through Q2.
The Wii U costs $299.99 and is the first major gaming console to incorporate a large 6.2-inch touchscreen on its controller. The Wii U also includes NFC, a video chat camera and universal TV remote controls.
While diehard Nintendo fans will likely pick up the device for its new features some analysts worry that the system failed to move forward in terms of graphics or process power.
Nintendo on Wednesday revealed in its financial reporting that it plans to sell 5.5 million Wii U consoles by the end of Q2 2013. The Japan-based company also hopes to move 24 million Wii U games during that same period.
In the same financial report Nintendo also revealed that it moved 1.32 million Wii consoles and 970,000 Nintendo DS handhelds from April through September 2012. Moving at a faster clip was the Nintendo 3DS which sold 5.06 million units including 2.1 million 3DS XL systems.
The Nintendo 3DS is likely to continue its sales triumph with Nintendo forecasting 17.5 million 3DS handheld sales and 70 million 3DS game sales by the end of March 2013.
In the meantime Nintendo Wii sales may pick up over the holiday shopping season after the company cut bundled pricing to just $130 with the choice of Super Mario Bros. or Wii Sports and Wii Resort.
The Wii U gaming console debuts on November 18.
Will you be picking up the Nintendo Wii U console when it finally arrives?
Web advertising is becoming increasingly popular amongst small business owners. This is mainly because it is affordable for these businesses with small marketing budgets and yet very effective. Small businesses that use this form of advertising rarely need any other advertising medium to help their businesses to grow. They are able to reach a wider audience than they would with radio, television, or print advertisements.
One other aspect of web advertising that is unique is the fact that it can be measured. You cannot accurately measure the effectiveness of advertisements placed on other media. Web ads are easily measured, as there are tools in place to do so.
Although the Internet marketing company you employ will provide you with statistics on your advertising campaign, it is also a good idea for you to keep a close watch on the success of your investment. There are various ways to do this.
The first is using a simple tool that is available online. This is marketing analytics software. There are various applications that are available for free online including Google Analytics. This software will allow you to collect statistics regarding your web advertising efforts. Data is collected on various issues such as clicks and impressions. You will also be able to gather your own data on what your target audience views, search for, or purchase when they are online. Many of the websites on which your advertisements will be placed will have some software for marketing analytics. You could therefore also be able to access this information upon request if you do not want to download market analytics software.
It is important to remember that you may not see any measurable results of the web advertising campaign immediately. You should therefore be patient and instead set a timeline within which you expect to see some marked improvements.
You can also measure the success of your web advertising campaign by measuring the traffic to your own website. If you run a store online or offline, you can measure the increased number of purchases or traffic to your store. You can also measure the number of phone calls you get from interested people.
It is important that you keep checking the analysis of the web advertising campaign on a regular basis. Compare the statistics you have obtained to the amount of money you are spending on the campaign. An effective campaign should give you higher returns than you spent on the campaign.
LONDON (AP) ? Two British Olympians appealed Thursday for help in recovering a pair of bronze medals that were snatched from a London nightclub, while police reported an arrest in the case.
Rower Alex Partridge and field hockey player Hannah Macleod issued public appeals for the return of the medals, which they earned during the 2012 London Olympics. The thefts reportedly occurred at the Mahiki nightclub, where the athletes went following a reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by Queen Elizabeth II in honor of Britain's Olympic team.
"I'm absolutely gutted that my Olympic bronze medal has been stolen," Macleod said in a statement. "Winning it in August was an incredible highlight for me, and for this to have happened is simply shattering."
Macleod was a member of the women's team that defeated New Zealand, 3-1.
"While it means everything to me, it has no value to anyone else, and I just hope that whoever took it can hand it in or leave it somewhere that means I can get it back," she said.
Partridge, a member of the men's eight rowing team, said his team blazer was also taken.
The jacket was later handed in at a northwest London police station, but not the medal, according to police.
Police investigating the alleged theft of the medals said a 31-year-old man had been arrested and was later released on bail.
Nearly 90 percent of small businesses network with their customers online, promote services and products and reach out to potential customers. Social media is an essential part of marketing online because there are hundreds of millions of users to be reached.
While social networking is one of the most popular ways to market your company, there are several mistakes that are made all too often by small business owners. These mistakes lead to missed opportunities.
Make sure you are not missing out on getting the most from your social media marketing and avoid some of these common mistakes:
? Thinking social media marketing is free.
Sure, social media sites are free to join and use. But if you fail to make any sort of investment in your social networking strategy, then you are going to fall far short of your desired results. You will need to consider spending money on sponsored posts, advertisements, plus establishing a team for the sole purpose of social marketing.
If you are assigning staff members to social network duties in addition to their regular tasks, then you are short-changing both areas of your business. You need to have a person or persons who will be able to focus on engaging and interacting with loyal customers and reaching out to potential customers.
? Failing to respond to customers.
Social media marketing is not a one-way street. You cannot simply blast a bunch of product information and call it a day. There are two sides to social media ? a give and take. If you want to be successful online, you need to engage your fans. When a fan reaches out to you through social media, you need to respond quickly.
Social interaction online is what Web 2.0 is all about. Start conversations, join in on existing ones and reply whenever someone asks you a question. The more you engage with your fan base, the wider your reach will be.
Find out what your target audience is talking about and use that information to get conversations started. Track your metrics to see what is working best and what needs improvement.
? Talking business all the time.
It is important to remember you are reaching out to people, not just consumers. You cannot spend all of your efforts on bombarding your fans with business talk. They want more. They want conversation and fun. Social media is about entertainment.
You can post about your products and services, but don?t let that be all you talk about through your social networks. Post pictures and videos. Hold contests and special giveaways. Use your natural tone of voice in everything you post.
Make sure your customers know there is a bona fide person at the other end of the computer and show interest in what they think and what they say. Use your social media as a way to connect on a deeper level with your customers.
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ScienceDaily (Oct. 23, 2012) ? The ability of deep-sea corals to harbor a broad array of marine life, including commercially important fish species, make these habitat-forming organisms of immediate interest to conservationists, managers, and scientists. Understanding and protecting corals requires knowledge of the historical processes that have shaped their biodiversity and biogeography.
While little is known about these processes, new research described in the journal Molecular Ecology helps elucidate the historical patterns of deep-sea coral migration and gene flow, coincident with oceanic circulation patterns and events. The investigators propose a scenario that could explain the observed evolutionary and present-day patterns in certain coral species. The findings can help scientists determine how climate change and other global processes have affected ocean habitats in the past and how they might do so in the future.
"The information generated in this study provides critical baseline data with which the potential effects of disturbances, such as global warming and ocean acidification, on populations inhabiting earth's largest biome can be assessed," says first author Santiago Herrera, a PhD candidate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). The research will also provide new opportunities to examine ancient migration patterns of other marine organisms.
Herrera and his colleagues have been investigating ancient deep-water coral migration patterns from various seamounts -- geological features that rise at 1,000 meters or more from the seafloor and often form long chains -- and other hard-bottom habitats such as canyons, fjords, and continental slopes. The investigators' analyses involve the utilization of museum specimens, some of which date back to the mid 19th century.
This latest study focused on one species of coral: Paragorga arborea, also known as bubblegum coral. This coral has been found at polar, subpolar, and subtropical regions of all of the world's oceans. Few studies have evaluated the overall genetic diversity of widespread deep-sea species, and researchers have wondered whether Paragorgia arborea is in fact a single species on a global scale or whether it has evolved into a set of 'cryptic' species, in which they exist as a set of genetically distinct species that are morphologically indistinguishable.
"Analysis of eight gene regions from more than 100 individual corals, collected worldwide over the last 134 years, revealed evidence that individuals collected in regions separated by tens of thousands of kilometers at depths ranging from 100 to 1,500 meters belong to the same species," says co-author Timothy Shank, an associate scientist at WHOI and Herrera's mentor. "This genomic and sampling coverage represents an unprecedented effort towards solving fundamental evolutionary questions in deep-water corals," he adds.
The team also found significant differences in the genetic composition of the populations of this species, indicating that individuals from each population are much more likely to reproduce locally with neighboring individuals, rather than with individuals from other populations elsewhere. "These differences can be explained by the spatial separation of different ocean basins; however, depth does not seem to be an important structuring factor," says Herrera. "We identified five main populations: North Atlantic, Southern Indian, South Pacific, Western North Pacific, and Eastern North Pacific."
Surprisingly, the researchers found that populations of Paragorgia arborea from the North Atlantic share a more recent historical connection with the southern hemisphere populations, rather than with the North Pacific populations, which are much closer geographically. This connection seems to have occurred during the late Miocene -- early Pliocene period. Other researchers studying different marine organisms such as spiny dogfishes and bryozoans, also known as moss animals, have found this same historical genetic diversity pattern. Furthermore, the findings are consistent with the latest ocean circulation models for the epoch.
These results from the deep sea stand in marked contrast with the hypothesis of a trans-Arctic interchange, which suggests a recent migratory connection between the North Pacific and North Atlantic based on the distribution of several shallow-water organisms such as red algae, sea stars, bivalves, gastropods, barnacles, and seagrass.
"There were many bubblegum coral specimens available from northern locations and very few from southern latitudes to test our hypotheses. So, nine years ago we started to search for specimens in the southern hemisphere, and thanks to our collaborators in New Zealand (NIWA) and Australia (CSIRO), we were able to gather a numerous collection of Paragorgia specimens from the south that allowed us to perform a robust global analysis," says senior author Juan Sanchez, director of the marine molecular biology laboratory of the Universidad de los Andes, in Colombia.
Moving forward, the scientists plan to expand their research. "The next steps from this study will be to test what small-scale environmental factors produce the differences we see in the genetic composition of neighboring populations -- such as the Western and Eastern North Pacific populations -- and to try to identify specific adaptations of populations of this species that live at the environmental extremes of its distribution, for example at very shallow and deep depths, and in conditions of relatively low and high pH," says Herrera.
They also plan to study whether the historical connectivity patterns seen in Paragorgia arborea are found in other deep-sea species, which will give them a better understanding of the origin of the biological diversity present deep within the oceans. "The observed genetic diversity patterns, and the inferred evolutionary history of origin and spread of Paragorgia arborea could explain the current distribution patterns of many other marine taxa, for example deep-sea coral symbionts, such as brittle stars and squat lobsters, and thus might have played an important role shaping existing deep-sea faunal diversity," says Herrera.
This research was based on work supported by the Global Census of Marine Life on Seamounts Project (CenSeam), the Facultad de Ciencias -- Department of Biological Sciences of the Universidad de los Andes, the National Systematics Laboratory of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service, the Smithsonian Institution, the Systematics Association, the Linnean Society of London, and the Sigma Xi Research Society.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
S. Herrera, T. M. Shank, J. A. S?nchez. Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic variation in the widespread antitropical deep-sea coralParagorgia arborea. Molecular Ecology, 2012; DOI: 10.1111/mec.12074
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
WASHINGTON?? The White House received emails from the State Department that said the Islamist militia group Ansar al-Sharia had used social media to claim responsibility for the attack on the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi within hours of last month?s assault, American officials said Wednesday.
But Ansar al-Sharia disavowed the claim -- which appeared on Facebook and Twitter -- the following day. It was one of many conflicting accounts to emerge in the chaotic hours after the attack in the eastern Libyan city.
When asked about the emails, Secretary of State Hilary Clinton said that ?posting something on Facebook is not in and of itself evidence? and added that this ?underscores how fluid the reporting was at the time, and continued for some time, to be.?
The assault, which came on the 11th anniversary of the Sept. 11 attacks on the United States, claimed the lives of U.S. Ambassador Christopher Stevens and three other Americans.
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The emails, called ?op reports,? were among hundreds that poured into government agencies that night, officials told NBC News. All of these messages had to be analyzed and assessed before decisions could be made or action taken, officials said.
"These emails are unclassified from the operation center and go to hundreds, if not thousands of people,? a White House official told NBC News.
?They basically say: we are under fire,? the official said.
Documents add to evidence of Libya security fears
'The process is dynamic' Multiple terror groups often claim credit for the same attack, which makes it nearly impossible to draw conclusions immediately from such intelligence reports, officials said.
U.S. officials told NBC News that the public emergence of the emails added little that was new to the understanding of the U.S. response to the attack.
"Intelligence professionals follow the information wherever it leads to build a coherent picture of what's being assessed. Each report is carefully considered and everything credible is used to try to fill in missing pieces of the narrative,? a U.S. intelligence official told NBC News.
?The process is dynamic. As new reporting comes in, you review, reassess, and revise as appropriate," the official said.
The emails, which have been obtained by NBC News, were also sent to the FBI and other government agencies.
The messages were first reported by Reuters, but administration officials on Wednesday played down the news agency report?s suggestion that the emails showed that senior White House officials knew the identity of those behind the attacks.
Video: Obama defends Libya reaction (on this page)
White House spokesman Jay Carney said the emails were ?open-source, unclassified? messages.
?There were emails about all sorts of information that was becoming available in the aftermath of the attack,? he told reporters on Wednesday.
?There was a variety of information coming in,? Carney added. ?The whole point of an intelligence community and what they do is to assess strands of information and make judgments about what happened and who was responsible.?
President Barack Obama and other U.S. officials ultimately acknowledged the incident was a "terrorist" attack carried out by militants with suspected links to al-Qaida affiliates or sympathizers.
Story: Suspected ringleader in Libya attack scoffs at US in plain sight
The attack as it happened The brief emails also show how U.S. diplomats described the attack, even as it was still under way, to Washington.
The first of three emails, sent at 4:05 p.m. ET on Sept. 11, reported that the consulate was under attack.
"The Regional Security Officer reports the diplomatic mission is under attack. Embassy Tripoli reports approximately 20 armed people fired shots; explosions have been heard as well. Ambassador Stevens, who is currently in Benghazi, and four COM personnel are in the compound safe haven.? The 17th of February militia is providing security support.
"The Operations Center will provide updates as available."
More to Benghazi attacks than surface at presidential debate
Another email was sent at 4:54 p.m. ET, saying the attack had stopped.
"Embassy Tripoli reports the firing at the U.S. Diplomatic Mission in Benghazi has stopped and the compound has been cleared. A response team in on site attempting to locate COM personnel.?
At 6:07 p.m. ET, another email was sent, saying Ansar al-Sharia had claimed responsibility:
?SUBJECT: Update 2: Ansar al-Sharia Claims Responsibility for Benghazi Attack.?
?Embassy Tripoli reports the group claimed responsibility on Facebook and Twitter and has called for an attack on Embassy Tripoli."
Complete World coverage on NBCNews.com
U.S. officials first laid blame for the attack on specific militant groups or possible links to al-Qaida or its affiliates when intelligence officials publicly alleged that on Sept. 28.
There were indications that extremists with possible al-Qaida connections were involved, but also evidence that the attacks could have erupted spontaneously, they said, adding that government experts wanted to be cautious about pointing fingers prematurely.
NBC's Andrea Mitchell and Reuters contributed to this report.
Apple unveiled a redesigned iMac today, one that takes the all-in-one computer and makes it even more of a tightly packed engineering marvel. The rumors proved true, and it got a tapered design that thins out to 5mm at its thinnest point. This makes the machine appear surreal at first glance, but it's the changes inside that make the biggest lasting impressions.
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Knee replacement not an 'easy solution' for obese patientsPublic release date: 24-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kayee Ip ip@aaos.org 847-384-4035 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Obesity related to higher rates of infection and other complications following surgery
ROSEMONT, ILObese patients have a greater risk of complications following total knee replacement surgery, including post-surgical infections, according to a new literature review recently published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (JBJS). Because of complications, obese patients are more likely to require follow-up surgery (revision).
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions, particularly in the United States, and is a well-documented risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis. Arthritis is initially treated nonsurgically, but total joint replacement often becomes necessary if the disease progresses. Consequently, the rate of joint replacements in obese individuals has increased in the last several decades.
"Orthopaedic operations can technically be more difficult in obese people, and it is important for us to know whether there is a higher complication rate in the obese, and if the long-term outcome is worse," says Gino M.M.J. Kerkhoffs, MD, PhD, an orthopaedic surgeon at the Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, and lead author of the study.
Findings include:
Obese patients have double the rate of infection following total knee replacement surgery compared to non-obese patients.
Obese patients' rate of infection is higher for both superficial and deep infections.
The long-term surgical revision rate for obese patients is nearly double that for non-obese patients.
The paper's authors advise that knee replacement surgery not be withheld from obese patients. Rather, obese patients should be well-informed of the likelihood of complications following their total knee replacement, and advised to lose weight before surgery. Orthopaedic surgeons should be prepared to refer them to medical weight-loss professionals, if necessary. The authors also note that weight loss could lessen some patients' osteoarthritis symptoms.
"Although these results are not really surprising," Kerkhoffs says, "for the obese patient, this literature sheds new light on treatment options for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a total knee replacement is not the 'easy solution.'"
###
More information about total knee replacement and obesity can be found at orthoinfo.org.
About JBJS or access to the study abstract.
Full JBJS Table of Contents
Twelve-year risk of revision following primary total hip replacement in the US Medicare population
Predictive Factors of Knee Stiffness After Peri-articular Fracture: A Case Control Study
The Influence of Obesity on the Complication Rate and Outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-analysis
Transient Soft-Tissue Edema Associated with Implantation of Increasing Doses of rhBMP-2 on an Absorbable Collagen Sponge in an Ectopic Rat Model
A Comparison of Two Approaches to the Closed Treatment of Low-Energy Tibia Fractures in Children
Association Between Acromion Index Size and Outcomes Following Arthroscopic Repair of Full Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears
Isolated Involvement of the Posterior Elements in Spinal Tuberculosis: A Review of Twenty-four Cases
Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Ankle Joint Infection: A Case-Control Study
Successful Long-Term Fixation and Progression of Osteolysis in First-Generation Cementless Acetabular Components Retrieved Postmortem
Axial Rotation moment Arms of the Shoulder Musculature After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
With more than 37,000 members, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, (www.aaos.org) or (www.orthoinfo.org) is the premier not-for-profit organization that provides education programs for orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals, champions the interests of patients and advances the highest quality of musculoskeletal health. Orthopaedic surgeons and the Academy are the authoritative sources of information for patients and the general public on musculoskeletal conditions, treatments and related issues.
More than one in four Americans have bone or joint health problems, making them the greatest cause of lost work days in the U.S. When orthopaedic surgeons restore mobility and reduce pain, they help people get back to work and to independent, productive lives. Orthopaedic surgeons keep this "Nation in Motion." To learn more about A Nation in Motion campaign, or to read hundreds of patient stories or to submit your own story, visit anationinmotion.org
Like AAOS on Facebook (www.facebook.com/AAOS1), and follow us on Twitter (www.twitter.com/AAOS1).
Disclosure: One or more of the authors received payments or services, either directly or indirectly (i.e., via his or her institution), from a third party in support of an aspect of this work. In addition, one or more of the authors, or his or her institution, has had a financial relationship, in the thirty-six months prior to submission of this work, with an entity in the biomedical arena that could be perceived to influence or have the potential to influence what is written in this work. No author has had any other relationships, or has engaged in any other activities, that could be perceived to influence or have the potential to influence what is written in this work. The complete Disclosures of Potential Conflicts of Interest submitted by authors are always provided with the online version of the article.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Knee replacement not an 'easy solution' for obese patientsPublic release date: 24-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Kayee Ip ip@aaos.org 847-384-4035 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Obesity related to higher rates of infection and other complications following surgery
ROSEMONT, ILObese patients have a greater risk of complications following total knee replacement surgery, including post-surgical infections, according to a new literature review recently published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (JBJS). Because of complications, obese patients are more likely to require follow-up surgery (revision).
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions, particularly in the United States, and is a well-documented risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis. Arthritis is initially treated nonsurgically, but total joint replacement often becomes necessary if the disease progresses. Consequently, the rate of joint replacements in obese individuals has increased in the last several decades.
"Orthopaedic operations can technically be more difficult in obese people, and it is important for us to know whether there is a higher complication rate in the obese, and if the long-term outcome is worse," says Gino M.M.J. Kerkhoffs, MD, PhD, an orthopaedic surgeon at the Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, and lead author of the study.
Findings include:
Obese patients have double the rate of infection following total knee replacement surgery compared to non-obese patients.
Obese patients' rate of infection is higher for both superficial and deep infections.
The long-term surgical revision rate for obese patients is nearly double that for non-obese patients.
The paper's authors advise that knee replacement surgery not be withheld from obese patients. Rather, obese patients should be well-informed of the likelihood of complications following their total knee replacement, and advised to lose weight before surgery. Orthopaedic surgeons should be prepared to refer them to medical weight-loss professionals, if necessary. The authors also note that weight loss could lessen some patients' osteoarthritis symptoms.
"Although these results are not really surprising," Kerkhoffs says, "for the obese patient, this literature sheds new light on treatment options for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a total knee replacement is not the 'easy solution.'"
###
More information about total knee replacement and obesity can be found at orthoinfo.org.
About JBJS or access to the study abstract.
Full JBJS Table of Contents
Twelve-year risk of revision following primary total hip replacement in the US Medicare population
Predictive Factors of Knee Stiffness After Peri-articular Fracture: A Case Control Study
The Influence of Obesity on the Complication Rate and Outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta-analysis
Transient Soft-Tissue Edema Associated with Implantation of Increasing Doses of rhBMP-2 on an Absorbable Collagen Sponge in an Ectopic Rat Model
A Comparison of Two Approaches to the Closed Treatment of Low-Energy Tibia Fractures in Children
Association Between Acromion Index Size and Outcomes Following Arthroscopic Repair of Full Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears
Isolated Involvement of the Posterior Elements in Spinal Tuberculosis: A Review of Twenty-four Cases
Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Ankle Joint Infection: A Case-Control Study
Successful Long-Term Fixation and Progression of Osteolysis in First-Generation Cementless Acetabular Components Retrieved Postmortem
Axial Rotation moment Arms of the Shoulder Musculature After Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
With more than 37,000 members, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, (www.aaos.org) or (www.orthoinfo.org) is the premier not-for-profit organization that provides education programs for orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals, champions the interests of patients and advances the highest quality of musculoskeletal health. Orthopaedic surgeons and the Academy are the authoritative sources of information for patients and the general public on musculoskeletal conditions, treatments and related issues.
More than one in four Americans have bone or joint health problems, making them the greatest cause of lost work days in the U.S. When orthopaedic surgeons restore mobility and reduce pain, they help people get back to work and to independent, productive lives. Orthopaedic surgeons keep this "Nation in Motion." To learn more about A Nation in Motion campaign, or to read hundreds of patient stories or to submit your own story, visit anationinmotion.org
Like AAOS on Facebook (www.facebook.com/AAOS1), and follow us on Twitter (www.twitter.com/AAOS1).
Disclosure: One or more of the authors received payments or services, either directly or indirectly (i.e., via his or her institution), from a third party in support of an aspect of this work. In addition, one or more of the authors, or his or her institution, has had a financial relationship, in the thirty-six months prior to submission of this work, with an entity in the biomedical arena that could be perceived to influence or have the potential to influence what is written in this work. No author has had any other relationships, or has engaged in any other activities, that could be perceived to influence or have the potential to influence what is written in this work. The complete Disclosures of Potential Conflicts of Interest submitted by authors are always provided with the online version of the article.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Apple unveiled a redesigned iMac today, one that takes the all-in-one computer and makes it even more of a tightly packed engineering marvel. The rumors proved true, and it got a tapered design that thins out to 5mm at its thinnest point. This makes the machine appear surreal at first glance, but it's the changes inside that make the biggest lasting impressions.![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](http://www.eurekalert.org/images/back2e.gif){kind=small}
Public release date: 24-Oct-2012
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